Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Novel green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrullus lanatus rind and investigation of proteasome inhibitory activity, antibacterial, and antioxidant potential

doi: 10.2147/ijn.s95483

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2 FT-IR analysis of gold nanoparticles (ANPs) synthesized using the aqueous extract of watermelon rind. Abbreviations: FT-IR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; WMP, watermelon outer peel.

Article Snippet: At 50 μg/disc, Table 1 antibacterial activity of colloidal aNPs and standard antibiotics (kanamycin and rifampicin) against foodborne bacteria Foodborne pathogens ANPs (50 μg/disc) WAQ extract (50 μg/disc) Positive control Negative control* MIC (μg/mL) MBC (μg/mL) Kanamycin (5 μg/disc) Rifampicin (5 μg/disc) Bacillus cereus aTcc 13061 11.58±0.65a,# 0 0 0 0 50 100 Escherichia coli aTcc 43890 9.23±0.40b 0 0 0 0 50 50 Listeria monocytogenes aTcc 19115 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Staphylococcus aureus aTcc 49444 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Salmonella typhimurium aTcc 43174 11.15±0.35a 0 0 0 0 50 100 Notes: Values with different superscript letters in each column are significantly different at P0.05.

Techniques: Synthesized, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Spectroscopy

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Novel green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrullus lanatus rind and investigation of proteasome inhibitory activity, antibacterial, and antioxidant potential

doi: 10.2147/ijn.s95483

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3 SEM, EDX analysis, and size distribution of gold nanoparticles (ANPs). Notes: (A and B) SEM images; (C) size distribution of ANPs; (D) EDX spectra of gold nanoparticles. Abbreviations: EDX, energy-dispersive X-ray; SEM, scanning electron microscopy.

Article Snippet: At 50 μg/disc, Table 1 antibacterial activity of colloidal aNPs and standard antibiotics (kanamycin and rifampicin) against foodborne bacteria Foodborne pathogens ANPs (50 μg/disc) WAQ extract (50 μg/disc) Positive control Negative control* MIC (μg/mL) MBC (μg/mL) Kanamycin (5 μg/disc) Rifampicin (5 μg/disc) Bacillus cereus aTcc 13061 11.58±0.65a,# 0 0 0 0 50 100 Escherichia coli aTcc 43890 9.23±0.40b 0 0 0 0 50 50 Listeria monocytogenes aTcc 19115 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Staphylococcus aureus aTcc 49444 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Salmonella typhimurium aTcc 43174 11.15±0.35a 0 0 0 0 50 100 Notes: Values with different superscript letters in each column are significantly different at P0.05.

Techniques: Electron Microscopy

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Novel green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrullus lanatus rind and investigation of proteasome inhibitory activity, antibacterial, and antioxidant potential

doi: 10.2147/ijn.s95483

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6 Proteasome inhibitory potential of gold nanoparticles and standard reference compound epoxomicin (E). ANP-1:100 µg/mL; ANP-2: 10 µg/mL; E-1: 5.56 µg/mL; and E-2: 0.56 µg/mL. Abbreviation: ANPs, gold nanoparticles.

Article Snippet: At 50 μg/disc, Table 1 antibacterial activity of colloidal aNPs and standard antibiotics (kanamycin and rifampicin) against foodborne bacteria Foodborne pathogens ANPs (50 μg/disc) WAQ extract (50 μg/disc) Positive control Negative control* MIC (μg/mL) MBC (μg/mL) Kanamycin (5 μg/disc) Rifampicin (5 μg/disc) Bacillus cereus aTcc 13061 11.58±0.65a,# 0 0 0 0 50 100 Escherichia coli aTcc 43890 9.23±0.40b 0 0 0 0 50 50 Listeria monocytogenes aTcc 19115 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Staphylococcus aureus aTcc 49444 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Salmonella typhimurium aTcc 43174 11.15±0.35a 0 0 0 0 50 100 Notes: Values with different superscript letters in each column are significantly different at P0.05.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Novel green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrullus lanatus rind and investigation of proteasome inhibitory activity, antibacterial, and antioxidant potential

doi: 10.2147/ijn.s95483

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 9 DPPH free radical scavenging potential of ANPs. Note: Different superscript letters indicate significant differences in the mean at P,0.05. Abbreviations: ANPs, gold nanoparticles; BHT, butylated hydroxyl toluene; DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydraxyl; WAQ, watermelon aqueous extract.

Article Snippet: At 50 μg/disc, Table 1 antibacterial activity of colloidal aNPs and standard antibiotics (kanamycin and rifampicin) against foodborne bacteria Foodborne pathogens ANPs (50 μg/disc) WAQ extract (50 μg/disc) Positive control Negative control* MIC (μg/mL) MBC (μg/mL) Kanamycin (5 μg/disc) Rifampicin (5 μg/disc) Bacillus cereus aTcc 13061 11.58±0.65a,# 0 0 0 0 50 100 Escherichia coli aTcc 43890 9.23±0.40b 0 0 0 0 50 50 Listeria monocytogenes aTcc 19115 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Staphylococcus aureus aTcc 49444 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Salmonella typhimurium aTcc 43174 11.15±0.35a 0 0 0 0 50 100 Notes: Values with different superscript letters in each column are significantly different at P0.05.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Novel green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrullus lanatus rind and investigation of proteasome inhibitory activity, antibacterial, and antioxidant potential

doi: 10.2147/ijn.s95483

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 10 Nitric oxide scavenging potential of ANPs. Note: Different superscript letters indicate significant differences in the mean at P,0.05. Abbreviations: ANPs, gold nanoparticles; BHT, butylated hydroxyl toluene; WAQ, watermelon aqueous extract.

Article Snippet: At 50 μg/disc, Table 1 antibacterial activity of colloidal aNPs and standard antibiotics (kanamycin and rifampicin) against foodborne bacteria Foodborne pathogens ANPs (50 μg/disc) WAQ extract (50 μg/disc) Positive control Negative control* MIC (μg/mL) MBC (μg/mL) Kanamycin (5 μg/disc) Rifampicin (5 μg/disc) Bacillus cereus aTcc 13061 11.58±0.65a,# 0 0 0 0 50 100 Escherichia coli aTcc 43890 9.23±0.40b 0 0 0 0 50 50 Listeria monocytogenes aTcc 19115 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Staphylococcus aureus aTcc 49444 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Salmonella typhimurium aTcc 43174 11.15±0.35a 0 0 0 0 50 100 Notes: Values with different superscript letters in each column are significantly different at P0.05.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Novel green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrullus lanatus rind and investigation of proteasome inhibitory activity, antibacterial, and antioxidant potential

doi: 10.2147/ijn.s95483

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 12 Reducing power potential of ANPs. Note: Different superscript letters indicate significant differences in the mean at P,0.05. Abbreviations: ANPs, gold nanoparticles; BHT, butylated hydroxyl toluene; OD, optical density; WAQ, watermelon aqueous extract.

Article Snippet: At 50 μg/disc, Table 1 antibacterial activity of colloidal aNPs and standard antibiotics (kanamycin and rifampicin) against foodborne bacteria Foodborne pathogens ANPs (50 μg/disc) WAQ extract (50 μg/disc) Positive control Negative control* MIC (μg/mL) MBC (μg/mL) Kanamycin (5 μg/disc) Rifampicin (5 μg/disc) Bacillus cereus aTcc 13061 11.58±0.65a,# 0 0 0 0 50 100 Escherichia coli aTcc 43890 9.23±0.40b 0 0 0 0 50 50 Listeria monocytogenes aTcc 19115 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Staphylococcus aureus aTcc 49444 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Salmonella typhimurium aTcc 43174 11.15±0.35a 0 0 0 0 50 100 Notes: Values with different superscript letters in each column are significantly different at P0.05.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Novel green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrullus lanatus rind and investigation of proteasome inhibitory activity, antibacterial, and antioxidant potential

doi: 10.2147/ijn.s95483

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 11 ABTS radical scavenging potential of ANPs. Note: Different superscript letters indicate significant differences in the mean at P,0.05. Abbreviations: ABTS, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid); ANPs, gold nanoparticles; BHT, butylated hydroxyl toluene; WAQ, watermelon aqueous extract.

Article Snippet: At 50 μg/disc, Table 1 antibacterial activity of colloidal aNPs and standard antibiotics (kanamycin and rifampicin) against foodborne bacteria Foodborne pathogens ANPs (50 μg/disc) WAQ extract (50 μg/disc) Positive control Negative control* MIC (μg/mL) MBC (μg/mL) Kanamycin (5 μg/disc) Rifampicin (5 μg/disc) Bacillus cereus aTcc 13061 11.58±0.65a,# 0 0 0 0 50 100 Escherichia coli aTcc 43890 9.23±0.40b 0 0 0 0 50 50 Listeria monocytogenes aTcc 19115 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Staphylococcus aureus aTcc 49444 0±0c 0 0 0 0 – – Salmonella typhimurium aTcc 43174 11.15±0.35a 0 0 0 0 50 100 Notes: Values with different superscript letters in each column are significantly different at P0.05.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Novel mRNA vaccines induce potent immunogenicity and afford protection against tuberculosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540359

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antigen-specific immunogenicity of novel TB mRNA vaccines. (A) Immunisation schedule, created with BioRender.com. Groups of CB6F1 mice were vaccinated twice with one of five single antigen mRNA vaccines (m-Single) administered at 5 μg per dose, or an equal mix of all 5 antigens (m-Mix) for the same total dose (1 μg each antigen). Immune responses in the spleen and blood were quantified four weeks post-boost. (B, C) Flow cytometric analysis of IFNγ expression by (B) CD4+ T cells or (C) CD8+ T cells in the spleen, in response to stimulation by relevant antigens listed on x-axis. For clarity, only statistically significant comparisons are shown. (D, E) Heatmaps demonstrate the proportion of triple cytokine-secreting IFNγ+ TNFα+ IL-2+ (D) CD4+ or (E) CD8+ T cells, in response to stimulation by antigens listed on horizontal axis. (F-J) Sera was analysed by ELISA for endpoint IgG titres to (F) PPE15, (G) ESAT6, (H) EspC, (I) EsxI, or (J) MetE. L.O.D. indicates “limit of detection” for minimum calculable endpoint titre; values under L.O.D. were arbitrarily assigned half the L.O.D. value. Each symbol represents response from 1 animal, n=6 per group. (B, C, F-J) Horizontal bars, or (D, E) colour intensity, indicate median. Statistical significance was determined via Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons, selected comparisons displayed only.

Article Snippet: Currently, very few clinical trials are examining the efficacy of mRNA vaccines against bacterial pathogens (BioNTech for TB (NCT05547464), Moderna, Inc. for Lyme disease (NCT05975099)).

Techniques: Immunopeptidomics, Vaccines, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Novel mRNA vaccines induce potent immunogenicity and afford protection against tuberculosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540359

Figure Lengend Snippet: Protective efficacy of novel TB mRNA vaccines against aerosol Mtb infection. (A) Immunisation schedule and experimental schematic, created with BioRender.com. Mice vaccinated with m-Single (5 μg), or m-Mix (5 μg total), were infected 4 weeks post-boost, whilst BCG-vaccinated mice were infected 7 weeks post-vaccination. (B, C) Mtb colony forming units (CFU) in the (B) lungs and (C) spleen of CB6F1 mice, 4 weeks after infection with low-dose aerosol Mtb. Each symbol represents the bacterial load in 1 animal, n=8 per group. Horizontal bars indicate median. Statistical significance determined via Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons, selected comparisons displayed only.

Article Snippet: Currently, very few clinical trials are examining the efficacy of mRNA vaccines against bacterial pathogens (BioNTech for TB (NCT05547464), Moderna, Inc. for Lyme disease (NCT05975099)).

Techniques: Vaccines, Aerosol, Infection

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Novel mRNA vaccines induce potent immunogenicity and afford protection against tuberculosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540359

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of TB mRNA vaccine immunogenicity when applied as a boost to BCG. Groups of CB6F1 mice were vaccinated with BCG, and after 10 weeks rest, relevant groups were vaccinated twice with single antigen mRNA vaccines (m-Single) or an equal mix of all 5 antigens (m-Mix). Four weeks post-boost, immune responses in the spleen and blood of all animals were quantified. (A, B) Flow cytometric analysis of IFNγ expression by (A) CD4+ or (B) CD8+ T cells in the spleen, in response to stimulation by relevant antigens listed on x-axis. For clarity, only significant statistical comparisons between the naïve group and m-Single groups, or m-Mix, are shown. (C, D) Heatmaps demonstrate the proportion of triple polypositive IFNγ+ TNFα+ IL-2+ (C) CD4+ or (D) CD8+ T cells, in response to stimulation by antigens listed on horizontal axis. (E-I) Sera was analysed by ELISA for endpoint IgG titres to (E) PPE15, (F) ESAT6, (G) EspC, (H) EsxI, or (I) MetE. L.O.D. indicates “limit of detection” for minimum calculable endpoint titre; values under L.O.D. were arbitrarily assigned half the L.O.D. value. Each symbol represents response from 1 animal, n=6 per group. (A, B, E-I) Horizontal bars, or (C, D) colour intensity, indicate median. Statistical significance determined via Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons, selected comparisons displayed only.

Article Snippet: Currently, very few clinical trials are examining the efficacy of mRNA vaccines against bacterial pathogens (BioNTech for TB (NCT05547464), Moderna, Inc. for Lyme disease (NCT05975099)).

Techniques: Immunopeptidomics, Vaccines, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Novel mRNA vaccines induce potent immunogenicity and afford protection against tuberculosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540359

Figure Lengend Snippet: Protective efficacy of novel TB mRNA vaccines, when delivered as a boost to BCG. (A) Immunisation schedule and experimental schematic, created with BioRender.com. BCG-vaccinated mice were allowed 10 weeks rest, before boosting with two doses of m-Single (5 μg), or m-Mix (5 μg total). Infections were performed 4 weeks post-boost, or 17 weeks post-BCG vaccination. (B, C) Mtb colony forming units (CFU) in the (B) lungs and (C) spleen of CB6F1 mice, 4 weeks after challenge with low-dose aerosol Mtb . For clarity, only the statistical comparison between naïve and BCG groups are shown, although all mRNA vaccine groups were significantly reduced relative to naïve. Each symbol represents response from 1 animal, n=8 per group. Horizontal bars indicate median. Statistical significance determined via Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons.

Article Snippet: Currently, very few clinical trials are examining the efficacy of mRNA vaccines against bacterial pathogens (BioNTech for TB (NCT05547464), Moderna, Inc. for Lyme disease (NCT05975099)).

Techniques: Vaccines, Aerosol, Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Novel mRNA vaccines induce potent immunogenicity and afford protection against tuberculosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540359

Figure Lengend Snippet: Protective efficacy of heterologous administration of viral vector and mRNA vaccines against TB. (A) Immunisation schedule and experimental schematic, created with BioRender.com. BCG-vaccinated mice were infected 7 weeks post-vaccination, whilst all other vaccine groups were infected 4 weeks post-boost. (B, C) Mtb colony forming units (CFU) in the (B) lungs and (C) spleen of CB6F1 mice, 4 weeks after challenge with low-dose aerosol Mtb . Each symbol represents response from 1 animal, n=8 per group. Horizontal bars indicate median. Statistical significance determined via Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons, selected comparisons displayed only.

Article Snippet: Currently, very few clinical trials are examining the efficacy of mRNA vaccines against bacterial pathogens (BioNTech for TB (NCT05547464), Moderna, Inc. for Lyme disease (NCT05975099)).

Techniques: Plasmid Preparation, Vaccines, Infection, Aerosol